How to Write an Article Review Essay

Composing an article survey, which is likewise in some cases alluded to as an article scrutinize, is an uncommon sort of composing that includes perusing an article and afterward furnishing the peruser with your own interpretation of its substance. By and large, article audit expositions should begin with a heading that incorporates a reference of the sources that are being inspected. The main passage, which is the prologue to the article audit, ought to give a synopsis of the article features. This rundown ought not give each and every insight concerning the article being surveyed. Or maybe, it should just talk about the most significant subtleties. In the event that you wind up continuing or requiring more than one passage to compose your rundown, you have to return to the section and discover approaches to trim down the length of your outline. Following the concise outline of your article, you will at that point need to clarify why the article is critical. Inquiries you should pose to yourself when composing these sections include: Does the article fill a void inside the writing that as of now exists on the subject? Does the article contain any data that would be considered â€Å"breakthrough† data? Will the data contained inside this article cause others in the field to change their thoughts regarding the topic or does it basically return to data that is now known in the field? In your last passages, you should introduce your own assessment of the article. A few inquiries you should pose to yourself so as to concoct your own assessment incorporate whether the article is elegantly composed and clear. You ought to likewise consider whether any data was missing and if more exploration is required on the point. In the event that you are composing the article survey for a class, attempt to associate the article to hierarchical and modern experience and attempt to interface the substance of the article to data that you have been concentrating in your course. As you compose your article survey, remember that you are accomplishing something other than a book report. As opposed to concentrate on determining what the article was about, your article audit ought to mirror your genuine beliefs on the article just as how it influences you or the field in which it was composed. After you have wrapped up your article audit, make certain to return and re-read it. Along these lines, you will have the option to take a gander at it with a new arrangement of eyes and you may see blunders that you had not recently taken note. Framework of the Article Review Please remember the accompanying classifications for your article audit. Full Bibliographic Reference Introduction: Objectives, Article Domain, Audience, Journal and Conceptual/Emprical Classification Very Brief Summary Results Contributions Foundation Synthesis with different materials Analysis and Additional Analysis General Critique) Further Critique of a Conceptual Article - or-Further Critique of an Empirical Article Issues (as you would see it). Questions Annotated Bibliography Citation Analysis Appendix 1. Full Bibliographic Reference State the full bibliographic reference for the article you are surveying (writers, title, diary name, volume, issue, year, page numbers, and so on ) Important: this isn't the book reference recorded toward the finish of the article, rather the reference of the article itself! 2. Presentation: Objectives, Article Domain, Audience, Journal and Conceptual/Emprical Classification Paragraph 1: State the targets (objectives or motivation behind) the article. What is the article’s space (subject zone)? Section 2: State whether the article is â€Å"conceptual† or â€Å"empirical†, and why you trust it is theoretical or experimental. Observational articles and theoretical articles have a comparative goal: to prove a contention proposed by the writer. While a theoretical article supports such a contention dependent on coherent and enticing thinking, an experimental article offers exact proof to help the contention. Experimental articles offer significant, point by point proof which the writers dissect utilizing measurable techniques. Experimental articles must incorporate theories (or recommendations), nitty gritty exploration results, and (factual) examinations of this observational proof. Observational exploration incorporates tests, studies, surveys, field considers, and so on, and to constrained certificate, contextual analyses. Applied articles may allude to such observational proof, yet don't give the point by point examination of that proof. 3. Brief Summary For an article survey, don't spend a lot of room summing up the article. Rather center around investigation of the article. Therefore, in this segment, sum up the article truth be told, quickly. Section 1: what is the issue or opportunity being tended to Paragraph 2: which arrangement is proposed (the arrangement could be another model or a hypothesis that clarifies the issue) Paragraph 3: what proof is advanced that this arrangement is suitable (If this is an exact article, make certain to quickly depict what sort of observational investigation was done as a major aspect of the proof) 4. Results Very quickly sum up the significant focuses (perceptions, ends, discoveries) in the article. Kindly don't rehash arrangements of things in the articles †simply sum up the quintessence of these on the off chance that you feel they are important to incorporate. 5. Commitments. An article makes a â€Å"contribution† by adding to the information on specialists in an examination field. An article can make a commitment to the exploration field from multiple points of view. Does it give another approach to take a gander at an issue? Does it unite or â€Å"synthesize† a few ideas (or systems, models, and so forth ) together in a canny manner that has not been done previously? Does it give new arrangements? Does it give new outcomes? Does it distinguish new issues? Does it give an extensive overview or audit of an area? Does it give new bits of knowledge? Likewise, is it striking (applicable and current) to a specific logical issue or administrative issue? Are the issues tended to presented such that their pertinence to rehearse is obvious? Would answers to the inquiries brought up in the article liable to be helpful to scientists and administrators? Note: Do not talk about the commitments of the innovations the article depicts, yet rather the commitments of the article itself! The article’s commitments ought to be unique. Portray every commitment obviously in a different section or visual cue. Talk about why the commitment is significant. On the other hand, in the event that you accept the article makes no commitments, clarify why unmistakably. 6. Establishment. Great exploration regularly is based upon speculations and structures that different specialists have created. Here and there articles will be generously founded on this earlier work, and allude back to it in some detail. (Not all examination articles will do this. ) Which hypothetical establishments does this article and examination expand on, assuming any? In what ways? Incorporate references/references of the establishment work. (You can decide this to a limited extent from the works the article refers to. )Note, notwithstanding, that most works refered to are not center primary work, yet rather simply bolster certain parts of the article. Additionally, don't befuddle a general conversation of related points as essential work. On the off chance that the article doesn't expand upon key bits of earlier examination, at that point write in your audit â€Å"This article doesn't expand upon any establishment research. † (If you don't express this unequivocally, you won't get acknowledgment for this segment. ) 7. Amalgamation with Class Materials Synthesis implies dissecting a specific subject by looking into it with, and contemplating it from the perspective of, the class materials from over the semester. These materials incorporate the articles, models, systems, rules and different ideas we’ve secured. (Obviously, just certain materials will be important for some random article. )Note: You need to do this blend! You have to relate this article to different things we have contemplated, so by definition you won't discover this examination in the article itself! You likewise could dissect the methodology the writer took to the article’s examination and conversation. Talk about the article’s approach and results as far as at least one of the structures, and so forth , from the content or readings, or any you find somewhere else. As a feature of this investigation, reference different articles you’ve read, when suitable. Look at the methodology, results and commitment with all articles about comparative themes or with a comparable methodology. For these, do your combination correlation in as much profundity as possible! 8. Examination Note: Many individuals accept this classification is equivalent to â€Å"General Critique†. It isn't. General Critique is an alternate classification from this, and follows beneath. What has changed since the article was composed? How do it’s exercises, thoughts speculations despite everything apply? How much has its issues been settled? Extra Analysis Optionally, take a stab at applying the article’s models, structures and rules, and so forth yourself. Do you discover them helpful? Furthermore, you may alternatively include your own extra examination in a different subsection. (Try not to rehash the author’s examination in the paper †you could sum up this as a major aspect of the outcomes segment. ) 9. General Critique In this area you should express your assessments of how well (or ineffectively) the writers did their exploration and introduced the examination brings about the article. Your scrutinize can contain both positive and negative remarks. Legitimize and clarify in detail every one of your scrutinize focuses in a different passage of in any event 4-5 sentences. Coming up next are proposals just: Does it expand upon the fitting establishment (I. e. , upon suitable earlier examination)? Did the creators pick the right methodology, and afterward execute it appropriately? How certain would you say you are in the article’s results, and why? Are its thoughts extremely new, or do the creators essentially repackage old thoughts and maybe give them another name? Do the creators d

Only certain groups of people are entitled to specific medical care Essay

Just certain gatherings of individuals are qualified for explicit clinical consideration - Essay Example An individual can benefit the administrations on the off chance that he can pay for it however he can't compel any individual to give him the administration regardless of whether he frantically required it (Health Care Is Not a Right, 1993). In this way, it was just the rich and the princely that could pay and profit the clinical administrations. Not at all like a hair style administration which is given to free in USA, clinical administrations must be earned. To give clinical offices to an individual without paying was considered as good cause. It was felt that if clinical consideration turned into a privilege the nature of clinical offices and medicinal services would crumble. Before the human services change got substantial in USA, there were numerous escape clauses in the medicinal services framework in USA. Future in USA was not exactly the greater part of the other created countries. The normal spending on the clinical offices by an American regularly surpassed different costs (Medical Care in the USA, 2012). Individuals failed due to the high sum in the hospital expenses. Organizations accommodated clinical protection arrangements yet regularly went past the net revenues of the organization. As indicated by a review by the US enumeration authority, around 46.3 million American residents stayed uninsured in 2008. Social insurance uses came to $2.2 trillion out of 2007 which was 16.2% of the US economy. 62.1% of all liquidations in USA in 2007 were connected with hospital expenses. In spite of being the most extravagant country, it had the most elevated number of individuals experiencing disease. With the death of the medicinal services change act in 20 10, there is any expectation of getting changes in the framework. On 23 March 2010, the Affordable Care Act in USA was maintained by the government court and was proclaimed a law. This was likewise spread by the current leader of USA. The law secured zones like giving protection offices to those without such cases or with a prior ailment, diminishing the spending on clinical consideration, making social insurance offices reasonable for all Americans (HealthCare.gov,

Castrol and Its Distributors Essay Example for Free

Castrol and Its Distributors Essay We needed to experience summer preparing in the corporate part for hands on understanding, where we get a chance to incorporate the information picked up during the whole first year. Consequently, the hierarchical examination was led at Shekar Agencies, Bangalore, for a time of 5 weeks. The association was concentrated on a general premise. The goal of our investigation was to: * Understand the structure of Shekar Agencies and how it capacities. * Understand the various features of nature wherein the association works. * Understand the way of life of Shekar Agencies. Think about the dynamic procedures in Shekar Agencies. It might likewise have the capacity of shipping remote particles. The property of decreasing grinding is known asâ lubricity. 1. 2. 2 Manufacturing Process of Lubricating Oil Lube oil is removed from unrefined petroleum, which experiences a fundamental purging procedure (sedimentation) before it is siphoned into fractionating towers. A commonplace high-effectiveness fractionating tower, 25 to 35 feet (7. 6 to 10. 6 meters) in distance across and up to 400 feet (122 meters) tall, is developed of high evaluation prepares to oppose the destructive mixes present in unrefined oils; inside, it is fitted with a rising arrangement of condensate gathering plate. Inside a pinnacle, the a large number of hydrocarbons in unrefined petroleum are isolated from one another by a procedure calledâ fractional refining. As the fumes ascend through the pinnacle, the different portions cool, consolidate, and come back to fluid structure at various rates dictated by their individual breaking points (the lower the breaking point of the part, the higher it ascends before gathering). Gaseous petrol arrives at Crude oil refining process A decent grease has the accompanying qualities: * High breaking point. On the off chance that one considers oils today, the principal type to ring a bell are mineral oil based. Mineral oil parts keep on framing the quantitatively most significant establishment of oils. Petrochemical segments and progressively subsidiaries of normal, harvestable crude materials from the oleo-compound industry are finding expanding acknowledgment on account of their natural similarity and some specialized points of interest. By and large, greasing up oils, which quantitatively represent around 90 % of oil utilization, comprise of around 93 % base oils and 7 % concoction added substances and different parts (between 0. what's more, 40 %). Around the world, there are 1380 grease makers running from enormous to little. On one hand there are vertically-incorporated oil organizations whose primary business objective is the disclosure, extraction and refining of unrefined petroleum. Ointments represent just an exceptionally little piece of their oil business. At present, there are around 180 such national and global oil organizations occupied with assembling oils. The 1200 free oil organizations predominantly focus on the assembling and promoting of oils and view oils as their center business.

Should We Redefine “Rigor” Or Find A New Word

posted on December 29, 2014 After tonight’s #oklaed chat, a few educators and I hung around the Twittersphere and discussed the meaning of rigor. Yeah, we’re geeks like that. The whole conversation started with a  series of tweets, namely the comment by Kenneth Ward, Bridge Creek Middle School Principal: This comment piqued my curiosity. What exactly is rigor? And is this really the right word to use for what we’re asking our children to do? Personally, when I hear the word rigor, I automatically think rigor mortis. (And frankly, I think some students experience this in some classes†¦) Rigor sounds hard, it sounds discouraging, and it sounds like something I don’t want to have any part of. I like the definition that Mr. Ward provided though:  Ã‚   I also liked his qualification: Then we had some other people join the conversation. (This is what I love about Twitter!) John R. Walkup, a former educator, and now a researcher studying cognitive rigor, added his own well-researched definition (and a huge resource on cognitive rigor) to another chat, which I followed: This all started my mental wheels spinning. Why can’t we come up with a new word? I mean, if a group of college kids can create Google, and make a verb out of it, why can’t we come up with a better word for rigor? So I posed the question: Naturally, not everyone was on board with creating/redefining a word, though I can see Mr. Walkup’s point: Jeff Veal, a middle school admininistrator with Frisco ISD in Texas agreed with Mr. Walkup: I agree that education has more than its fair share of problems. However, I also know that if we take a look at the stack of problems and think we can’t make a difference because there are more important or bigger problems than the one we’re looking at, then nothing will ever change. As a writer and an English teacher, I believe language is very important. If I don’t use the right words to explain to you what I’m thinking, you will not understand. This is not only important in education, but in the business world, in friendships, even in marriages. I am a huge proponent of choosing the right words, speaking carefully, and most importantly, thinking before speaking. For this reason, I’d like to use this tiny platform of mine to call for a change. What’s a better word for rigor? Mr. Veal, sardonically (I think) suggested another term: Jason Stephenson, a 10th grade English teacher at Deer Creek High School in Edmond stepped in with a tidbit of information: Hmmm†¦. I don’t know anything about the reputation of Kylene Beers, but I do like the word vigor. It has such a positive connotation! The denotation isn’t bad either. According to Dictionary.com, vigor means: active strength or force healthy physical or mental energy or power energetic activity The synonyms are bursting with positive energy: vitality energy intensity When I think of vigor in my classroom, I envision students: debating an issue pouring their ideas into an essay, or a presentation sharing and building on their thoughts in class or small group discussion collaborating on a project experiencing those â€Å"aha!† moments when a concept finally clicks getting â€Å"mad† because the book didn’t end the â€Å"right† way wanting to finish the assignment/discussion even though the bell just rang This certainly beats the definition of rigor: strictness, severity, or harshness, as in dealing with people. Naturally, any word with a great meaning can be twisted around to mean its total opposite. (Just think about how people my age used â€Å"bad† in the early 90s and kids today use the word â€Å"sick† to describe something that is good, or how current education reformers twisted â€Å"reform† to mean destroy†¦) However, it’s nice to start off with a word that has a positive meaning, then build upon it, instead of starting with a word that evokes images of dead bodies. (Shudders†¦) So, what do you think? [tweet_box]Should we start talking about how we’re injecting cognitive vigor into our lessons?[/tweet_box]  Or do you have a better word? Michelle WatersI am a secondary English Language Arts teacher, a University of Oklahoma student working on my Master’s of Education in Instructional Leadership and Academic Curriculum with an concentration in English Education, and a NBPTS candidate. I am constantly seeking ways to amplify my students’ voices and choices.

How to Study for the SAT Exam, Step by Step

Abandonment and Singularity in Robert Frosts Poetry.

â€Å"One is the Loneliest Number† or â€Å"Does Zero Count?† Abandonment and Singularity in Robert Frost’s â€Å"The Census- Taker† Robert Frost’s approach to human isolation is always an interesting exploration. His poem of desertion and neglect paired with eternal hopefulness ignite the reader in his poem â€Å"The Census-Taker.† All of the elements of a Frost poem are in this particular poem. â€Å"The Census-Taker† must be from an earlier time in Frost’s career because the poem is written in an open, free verse similar to the style of his earlier 20th century poetry like â€Å"Mending Wall† and â€Å"After Apple-Picking.† Also, the language lacks the sophisticated word selection a reader of poetry might find in Wallace Stevens and instead uses simplicity to†¦show more content†¦Moving forward, Frost’s usage of singular adjectives stands out like a sore thumb as he continues to describe the damaged home. The census- taker mentions â€Å"every tree,† (line 18) talks about the leafless trees that would not help a passerby identify the seasons. Gra mmatically, the adjective â€Å"every† carries a paradoxical element. â€Å"Every† plays the role of a singular modifier, yet it describes objects in a group a least larger than three and cannot be used for merely two objects. â€Å"Every† is not wholly singular as the adjective â€Å"each† may be, nor is it completely plural like the function of another adjective, â€Å"all.† Frost uses the isolating modifier â€Å"each† when he describes the slamming of the house’s door by its raucous inhabitants. He says, â€Å"†¦ as if rude men/Passed in and slammed it such each one behind him/ for the next one to open for himself.† (line 29-30) We finally see people and community in the poem, and Frost immediately separates and individualizes his pack of men to suggest a segregation of psychological difference. It is important to point out that Frost’s option to use â€Å"anyone† (line 34) only occurs once, possibly beca use the idea of any one person to be present maybe to extreme in an area made of intense loneliness. This is a home where men are there for a clear purpose, and whatever that purpose may have been, it no longer

Agile Methodology And Pmbok Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Agile Methodology And Pmbok. Answer: Project Management Methodology Project management methodology provides different tools for the project managers in order to complete the project efficiently. The methodologies are the well-defined logicalprocesses, which contains orderly steps (Snyder, 2014). Those steps are needed to be followed in the compilation phase of the project in order to get the desired result. There are different methodologies for the project compilation .Choosing of the methodology depends on the type of project. All the methodologies generally follow the guidelines mentioned in the PMBOK. The project methodologies help the project managers to follow the tasks sequentially so that the execution of the project can be done in time maintaining the estimated cost. Role of Project Management Methodology: It helps the project managers to develop and execute the project within the defined time. Maintaining the methodology also helps the project to meet every details mentioned in the requirement. The general guidelines help achieve desired attributes of the project. PMBOK: Project ManagementBody of Knowledge is the general guideline which defines the desired attributes of a project methodology and it also mentions the basic stages of compilation of the project. The guidelines of PMBOK is globally accepted. The first two chapters of the PMBOK guideline consists of the general definitions of different components of project management. The necessary tools and methods for the management of the project has been described from chapter 4 to chapter 12. The application of PMBOK for evaluation of the management methodology includes five steps. These steps are- initialization of the project or the starting of the project, planning of the project compilation, execution of the plan, controlling and monitoring the status of the project and the last step is closing of the project. All these steps are inter-related to each other. Agile Project Management Methodology: Agile project management methodology is considered the modern methodology for the project management. It is the form that can be derived from merging SDLC with the iteration. In case of project methodology there are many conventional models like waterfall model which were followed before (Sverrisdottir, IngasonJonasson, 2014). The advancement of technology has increased and changed the requirement of the project. In this case applying agile methodology is helpful. In Agile methodology the end users and the developers work together in order to determine the priority of the required feature of the project (Tsai et al., 2016). The main focus of this methodology is the progress of the project and this methodology encourages face to face communication in order to get a clearer view of the requirement of the project. The agile methodology defines the combination of various methodology under one name. Agile system development has four categories- Product Customer Performance Team of the project Mainly there are two agile methods, they are-scrum and extreme programming (XP). In case of extreme programming the user requirements re documented as the user stories (Abrahamsson et al.,2017). User stories are then transferred into object oriented modelling environment called class diagram. The whole system is then transferred into a series of versions called releases. In scrum methods there are three important roles available- Scrum master- This role is similar to the role of project manager Product Owner- The role of this part is to ensure that the project has met all the requirements. Development team- The development team is responsible for delivering the quality project in time. There are few terms, which are related to the scrum method of agile methodology. Product Blockage: The team decides the priority of the features in the project. Sprint- It defines the iteration that is presents for a timespan and after that the delivery of the complete project is done. Daily Scrum- It defines the short meetings between the stakeholders of the project in order to understand the requirement more clearly. Advantages of Agile method: Agile methodology ensures high product quality as there are several methodology is used in the agile method. Using agile method in project development, higher customer satisfaction can be received as the requirement of the project is discussed between the users and the developers. It reduces the risk involved in the project and increases control over the project. Comparison between Agile methodology and PMBOK Stages Agile PMBOK Starting of project This step is known as the vision statement. In this stage determination of timeline of the iteration, goals and the formation of team are decided. In PMBOK this stage is known as initialization stage(Ghosh,2015). In this stage the goal and objective of the project is determined. Planning Release plan for the particular version is done in the beginning of the project and the sprint planning is done throughout the project. Plans to execute the project are created at the initial stage of the project and updating of the plans happens throughout the project running phase. Execution of the project This stage is known as team driven development in agile methodology (Ahimbisibwe, Cavana Daellenbach,2015). Team development works on the product blockage and the product owner determines the user story on which the sprint needs to be done. In this case the tools used are- story prioritization and sprint blockage. In the execution phase of PMBOK the plans, which were determined at the beginning of the project are executes in the execution phase. Controlling and monitoring of the project In agile methodology time and cost of the project are fixed. Only the changes in the project is monitored and controlled. There are four constrains- cost,time,risk and quality are monitored and controlled throughout the time span. Closing of the project There is no formal closing and feedback taking process in agile model. Instead of that retrospective meeting is organized in order to determine the further modification on the project. Formal closing of the project is done in the PMBOK (Landry McDaniel, 2016). The feedbacks about the project are taken after the evaluation of the project. Identification of Agile method with PLC: Figure 1: Agile methodology and PLC (Source: Landry McDaniel,2015) The Determination of preferable approach: The discussion and the comparative study between agile and PMBOK indicate that the application of agile methodology in order to develop a project is more beneficial (LandryMcDaniel,2015). PMBOK contains the traditional framework of project management, whereas the advancement of technology has changed the requirement of the project and there are changes happening in the way of developing a project. Agile methodology is the improved and modernized version of the project management which enables the new methodology of completing the project, which is realistic and easy to follow. References Abrahamsson, P., Salo, O., Ronkainen, J., Warsta, J. (2017). Agile software development methods: Review and analysis.arXiv preprint arXiv:1709.08439. Ahimbisibwe, A., Cavana, R. Y., Daellenbach, U. (2015). A contingency fit model of critical success factors for software development projects: A comparison of agile and traditional plan-based methodologies.Journal of Enterprise Information Management,28(1), 7-33. Ghosh, S. (2015). Systemic Comparison of the Application of EVM in Traditional and Agile Software Project.Integration,5, 3. Landry, J. P., McDaniel, R. (2015). Agile Preparation Within a Traditional Project Management Course. InProceedings of the EDSIG Conference(p. n3429). Landry, J., McDaniel, R. (2016). Agile Preparation Within a Traditional Project Management Course.Information Systems Education Journal,14(6), 27. Snyder, C. S. (2014). A guide to the project management body of knowledge: PMBOK () guide.Project Management Institute: Newtown Square, PA, USA. Sverrisdottir, H. S., Ingason, H. T., Jonasson, H. I. (2014). The role of the product owner in scrum-comparison between theory and practices.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,119, 257-267. Tsai, J., Ho, C. Y., Chang, J., Jiang, J. (2016). The Role of Agile Methodology Use and Feedback Attributes in Game Development Projects: Implications for Game Project Quality.

Target Case free essay sample

Target’s Capital Expenditure Committee, consisting of five top level executives responsible for reviewing all large capital project requests, is currently considering 5 projects to add value to the corporation. Their overall goal is to add 100 stores a year, while maintaining a positive brand image and watching budget constraints. If the CEC rejects a proposal there are large financial and emotional sunk costs, due to the long development process. Each project is evaluated in terms of its quantitative, qualitative, and strategic parameters. In calculating the NPV of these projects, Target uses two hurdle rates, 9% and 4% for the store operations and credit-card cash flows respectively, due to the different costs of capital. Funding credit card receivables requires less risk than funding store operations because credit cards do not require many fixed assets and are only issued to individuals with suitable credit history. We have analyzed each project, ranked them according to value(best to worst i. We will write a custom essay sample on Target Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page . 1 to 5), and made a recommendation to accept/reject each one. Project: â€Å"The Barn† Rating: #1 Recommendation-Accept Construction of this P04 store allows Target to enter a new market. This investment offers the greatest return, with an NPV which is 128% of the $13 million investment, and an IRR of 16. 4%. By building this store, Target would be vastly increasing its brand awareness in an area that was formerly occupied by its competition. Although the low median income and low percentage of adults with college degrees suggest that the population may not fit the ideal Target guests, the prototype NPV is still attainable with a decrease in predicted sales by 18. 1%. Project: â€Å"Stadium Remodel†-Rating-#2 Recommendation-Accept The renovation of this successful SuperTarget requires an investment of $17 million, and provides an NPV of $15. 7 million(92% of investment) and an IRR of 10. 8%. In recent years the facility has begun to deteriorate; which, coupled with a decrease in sales has begun to tarnish Target’s brand image. If the status quo is maintained, sales will decrease until Target is forced to close this facility; never allowing them to obtain this large NPV, nor the $0. 4 million in tax benefits of depreciable property write-off. The high level of median income($65,931) and percentage of adults with college degrees(42%), indicates that this demographic matches Target’s ideal customer base, moderating the risk of sales falling short of the predicted amount. By renovating this location Target is revamping the shopping experience as well as their brand image. This store could be returned to its former glory with a small investment and low level of risk. Project: â€Å"Gopher Place†-Rating-#3 Recommendation-Accept This construction of a new P04 store in a critical market has an NPV of $16. 8 million, 73% of the initial investment of $23 million, and a favorable IRR of 12. 3%. The recent population growth in this area has also attracted the attention of Wal-Mart, who plans to open 2 new supercenters in this area, giving them control of 76% of the market. If Target does not invest here, Wal-Mart may gain a stranglehold in this area, making it impossible for Target to invest here at a later date. If Target does invest in this project, Wal-Mart may reconsider opening a second superstore in this area. Furthermore, building this store would help increase the Target brand awareness in the area. Although the percentage of college graduates(12%) amongst this population is lower than desired, the high median income(56,400) and large population growth(27%) should drive up sales at â€Å"Gopher Place†. While high cannibalization of sales(19%) from other Target stores and sensitivity to decreases in sales give this project a lower ranking, the benefits of the NPV, IRR, and strategic importance make this project acceptable. Project: â€Å"Whalen Court†-Rating-#4 Recommendation-Accept Construction of this unique store in the center of a major metropolitan area offers an IRR of 9. 8% and an NPV of $25. 9 million. However, these figures do not consider the scale of a project in which the NPV only accounts for 22% of the $119. 3 million investment. Furthermore, the land for this project must be leased, forcing Target to forego its archetype of purchasing land and forcing the CEC into a quick decision to avoid than missing this rare opportunity. Heavy foot traffic round this store will provide Target with a vast increase in brand visibility and awareness, allowing them to offset the large initial cost with a decrease in advertising budget. Whalen Court will be the flagship store in this established market area, where there are currently 45 Target stores. The large population, coupled with a median income of $48,500 and exceptionally high percentage of college graduates(45%) indicates a perfect communi ty for Target to enter. Although we recommend the acceptance of this project, the vast initial investment makes this project less attractive than its peers. Project: â€Å"Goldie’s Square†-Rating-#5 Recommendation-Reject While this SuperTarget was to be built in an area of strategic importance its return is not high enough to justify the investment cost. The NPV of $0. 3 million is a meager 1. 26% of the investment cost, and its IRR of 8. 1% is less than the required hurdle rate of 9%. The only reason it maintains a positive NPV is due to predicted credit card sales. 12 Target stores exist in the area, implying a large amount of their sales will be cannibalized from other Target stores. In fact, predicted sales at â€Å"Goldie’s Square† would have to increase by 62. 5% to cover the loss in sales at the other stores and achieve the prototype NPV. In the short run this investment will add to Target’s top line, but in the long run it will become a burden to the corporation. Although Target has the necessary funds to invest in each of these projects, we recommend they accept all projects other than â€Å"Goldie’s Square†. The primary goal of the CEC is to choose projects which bring value and growth to the company; while increasing brand awareness and strategic considerations are of secondary importance. This is why the CEC must look past the NPV and IRR and really scrutinize the projects, ensuring resources are allocated to the projects which provide the greatest value to all facets of the corporation. By accepting these four projects and rejecting â€Å"Goldie’s Square† Target will achieve sustainable growth and an increase in corporate value. After the recent lackluster returns, stockholders and analysts will be pleased with Target’s commitment to positive growth and value creation.

Leading Culturally Diverse Teams

Leading Culturally Diverse Teams Introduction In keeping with the company’s philosophy and tradition of working with culturally diverse teams, managers are required to posses the knowledge of how to effectively handle these teams for optimal performance and productivity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leading Culturally Diverse Teams specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Any manager leading culturally diverse teams must clearly take into account the members’ cultural disposition in order to establish an effective mechanism through which all members can participate in achieving the goals and objectives set by the company (Foldy, 2004). Definition of Terms Culture: Although culture has various definitions, this handbook takes culture to mean â€Å"†¦a learned system of meanings that fosters a particular sense of shared identity and community among its group members† (Ting-Toomey Oetzel, 2001, p. 9). Cultural Diversity: This conc ept â€Å"†¦refers to identities such as race, ethnicity, nationality, religion, gender, and other dimensions of difference derived from membership in groups that are socio-culturally distinct† (Foldy, 2004, p. 530). Why Should Managers Bother with Cultural Diversity Issues A multiplicity of empirical studies have demonstrated that in the presence of effective integration processes, culturally diverse teams perform at least as well, occasionally even better than homogenous teams (Pitts Jarry, 2009). Other studies have demonstrated that business productivity yields superior outcomes when management practices are congruent with national culture, and when meaningful participation is promoted (Gwynne, 2009). The Challenges of Leading Culturally Diverse Teams Managers must realize that when members of diverse national or ethnic groups come together for work-related purposes, their basic templates for conducting co-dependent actions diverge greatly.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These differences have the capacity to damage business relationships, communication processes, coordination and cohesion, as one person interprets another’s actions or behaviors in a manner which was not originally intended, and more important, neither person have prior knowledge that the misunderstanding has occurred (Pitts Jarry, 2009). Such a scenario limits the team’s capacity to perform up to its potential. Current literature on diversity effects demonstrates that engaging in faulty work processes will ultimately lead to a negative relationship between diversity and organizational performance by virtue of the fact that members in a team will find it difficult to work well together (Pitts Jarry, 2009). This process-oriented challenge prevent the team from generating outcomes that are equal or better to those generated by a team that did no t undergo a similar procedural challenge. Overall, it is a well known fact that â€Å"†¦managers set up their teams to fail because they themselves fail to help the team anticipate cultural differences and so see conflict in cultural, as opposed to personal or organizational, terms and fail to set norms for dealing with cultural differences† (Gwynne, 2009, p. 69). It is therefore recommended that managers leading culturally diverse teams should spend adequate time acquainting themselves with how to effectively manage these teams so as to trigger productivity and performance, and to ensure that goals and objectives of the company are adequately met despite varying cultural orientations. The Way Forward for Managers Leading Culturally Diverse Teams Below, this handbook highlights some of the issues that managers should be concerned with in their attempt to effectively manage culturally diverse teams. Managers must always make sure that every member of the team contributes his or her knowledge and capability to the team’s discussions through careful organization and management (Gwynne, 2009). For instance, tasks may be split into a number of components and each component assigned to a multicultural team.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leading Culturally Diverse Teams specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Managers must always develop and implement effective mechanisms to break through the language barrier (Gwynne, 2009). For instance, managers may allow the team leader to organize small common-language teams to brainstorm issues and then have the most fluent member of the sub-team report back on the key findings or solutions. Alternatively, the team leader can encourage team members to discuss issues and challenges using their native language and then have other team members cooperatively translate the contents of the discussions. Managers must always assist the team to anticipate c ultural variations by setting norms and values that will reinforce coexistence of differences, compassion, trust, care, and meaningful participation (Gwynne, 2009; Pitts Jarry, 2009). In extremely difficult situations, managers must be prepared to request â€Å"†¦all team members to sublimate their cultural identities to that of the entire team by adopting super-ordinate goals based on their common interests† (Gwynne, 2009, p. 69). This approach not only encourages equal participation among team members, but also enhances the development of trust, effective communication networks, and social support. Managers, however, must take caution not to submerge the team members’ unique cultural identities in the interest of unity, not mentioning that they must guard against the inhibition of creativity within the team. To further promote trust and cordial working relations among team members, managers should embark on developing strategies and mechanisms through which fac e-to-face, synchronous communication is enhanced (Von Glinow et al., 2004). Lastly, managers must always posses the knowledge to select the right kind of communication tool so as not to occasion disdain, low morale, or trigger half-baked responses among the team members (Tim-Toomey Oetzel, 2009). Clarity, precision, elimination of ambiguity, and respect of cultural-specific verbal and non-verbal cues is therefore of immense importance.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Competencies Characteristics required to Lead Multicultural Teams Managers are required to demonstrate the following competencies and characteristics if they are to effectively meet the above objectives: Demonstrate adequate interest in learning about diverse cultures and business practices Be nonjudgmental in interactions involving multicultural teams Demonstrate adequate conceptual comprehension of the power of cultural differences Posses physical stamina and sense of humor Demonstrate an expanding range of actions and behavior Demonstrate commitment to the goals and objectives set by the company Reference List Foldy, E.G. (2004). Learning from diversity: A theoretical exploration. Public Administration Review, 64(5), 529-538. Retrieved from Business Source Premier Database Gwynne, P. (2009). Managing culturally diverse teams. Research Technology Management, 52(1), 68-69. Retrieved from Business Source Premier Database Pitts, D.W., Jarry, E.M. (2009). Getting to know you: Ethn ic diversity, time and performance in public organizations. Public Administration, 87(3), 503-518. Retrieved from Business Source Premier Database Ting-Toomey, S., Oetzel, J.G. (2009). Managing intercultural conflict effectively. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc Von Glinow, M.A., Shapiro, D.L., Brett, J.M. (2004). Can we talk, and should we? Managing emotional conflict in multicultural teams. Academy of Management Review, 29(4), 578-592. Retrieved from Business Source Premier Database

Oklahoma Indian Territory on the Trail of Tears Essay

Oklahoma Indian Territory on the Trail of Tears - Essay Example Tomorrow, all the living and non-living things will be strange to me. How can I part with the rivers and trees in my locality? Will I be able to survive in a different land? My future will give an apt answer. Here, I shall share some facts about my tribe, my motherland and my feelings on the possible removal to Oklahoma Indian Territory on the Trail of Tears. Facts about my tribe The history of my tribe/community is interconnected with history of the early inhabitants of the United States of America. Earlier, we did not face any problem from others because we were self-sufficient. One can see that my tribe is the largest ethnic group within the tribal groups in America. My ancestral heritage is deeply rooted in the old Cherokee Nation or The Nation (18th and 19th Centuries). As pointed out, we were self-sufficient because we used to consider the nature as our mother. Besides, the members of the Old Cherokee Nation did not consider nature as an unending source of resources that can be exploited without any solid reason. But the people who live in large cities and towns are not able to understand the relationship between ethnic communities and nature. To be specific, our rituals, customs, and the events in day to day life are interconnected with nature. Earlier, we used to live in the Appalachia region. To be specific, the leaders of our tribal group were not aware of the importance of unity among different groups and the need of a strong central authority. On the other side, the tribal chiefs appointed by the British and the American authorities had little influence among the members of our community. Now, the government is planning to implement the Indian Removal Act of 1830 to relocate us to another part of America. In short, we are facing a number of problems related to survival because we are forced to relocate to the Trail of Tears. Burgan stated that â€Å"The U.S. government had forced them from their homes and set them on this march of about 800 miles ( 1,287 kilometers)† (4). If one is not so attached to one’s motherland, relocation is not a major problem. But my life is interconnected with my motherland. So, I do not feel confident to declare that I can survive in a different land. Now I feel so attached to my motherland because I am aware of the fact that relocation is unavoidable. About my motherland My motherland is in New Echota, within North America. One can easily identify that my motherland is rich in natural beauty and fertility because two beautiful rivers (say, Coosawattee and Conasauga) are flowing through my mother land. Besides, both the rivers join together and form another river, namely Oostanaula. All these rivers flow to another river, namely Coosa. The modern people provide less value to the importance of rivers in tribal life because they are not aware of the influence of the same in human life. These rivers helped use to realize the importance of water which nourishes the flora and fauna of this r egion. As the members of an indigenous community which ruled over the Northern Part of the American continent, we consider ourselves as the owners of the land. This is utmost important for us because the problems related to our life in this region is interconnected with autonomy and ownership of fertile land. We are totally against the exploitation natural resources to fulfill the selfish motives of human beings. But most of the human beings are not yet ready to

Topic Proposal on Should Testimonies of Lay Witnesses be Allowed in Coursework

Topic Proposal on Should Testimonies of Lay Witnesses be Allowed in Court - Coursework Example The law in some cases permits the witnesses to give their opinion evidence that can be categorized into expert opinion and lay opinion. â€Å"While the courts have made concessions in certain recurring situations, necessity as a standard for permitting opinions and conclusions has proved too elusive and too unadaptable to particular situations for purposes of satisfactory judicial administration† (Legal Information Institute, 2011). Lay witnesses give their opinions when they are based rationally on their perceptions, prove helpful in determining facts in the issue, and when they are not based on technical, scientific, and other kinds of knowledge in the expert testimony scope. Lay witnesses are permitted to give their opinion to help determine the weight, height, dimensions, quantity and such other features of things despite the lack of precision of their testimony. By definition, lay witnesses cannot be considered as experts on a specific matter. Even lay witnesses themselve s are not willing to appear as witnesses when they are given subpoena from the court. â€Å"For most inexperienced witnesses, the prospect of testifying in a deposition or courtroom fills them with dread† (Heaney and Koonan, 2007, p. 1). When lay witnesses meet other witnesses before appearing in the court, it reduces the chances of collusion and fabrication (Slovenko, 2004). This imparts the need to study to what extent the parties involved in the judicial cases are optimistic about the reliance of lay witnesses for evidence. Research in this field is very limited. By studying whether testimonies of the lay witnesses should or should not be allowed in court, this research would fill gap in the literature. This research would identify the response to the question; whether testimonies of lay witnesses should be allowed in court or not. Answer to this question would be obtained from different categories of people

Trade Off Pecking Order Essay Example for Free

Trade Off Pecking Order Essay The trade-off theory is derived from the debate over the Modigliani-Miller theorem. Modigliani-Miller (1963) accounts for corporate income tax into their original theorem. This created a benefit for using debt as it shields taxable income. They argue that corporate tax allows for the deduction of interest payments in calculating taxable income. As a result, the use of debt will increase the firm’s after-tax cash flow. This means that profitable firms should use debt to shield their income from tax. This would imply that a firm would use 100% debt financing. However, Modigliani-Miller (1958) failed to take into account the agency costs and bankruptcy costs associated with debt. Using debt carries additional risk, which means that it is not optimal to finance using debt alone. One of the main costs of debt is the threat of financial distress. These costs occur when a company uses so much debt that it cannot meet its financial obligations. According to Warner (1977) and Barclay et al. (1995), financial distress has both direct and indirect costs. These direct costs include legal and administrative costs of liquidation. Indirect costs could include the loss of customers and suppliers. Based on previous analysis by Bradley et al. (1984), firms with volatile earnings are more likely to face the costs associated with financial distress. This is because the possibility of a firms earnings dropping below their debt obligations is higher, meaning that these firms have less leverage. This makes it unattractive for firms to have too much debt. The trade-off theory can be broken down into two parts. The first is known as the static trade-off theory. Frank and Goyal (2005) , defines a firm to follow this if : â€Å"A firm’s leverage is determined by a single period trade-off between the tax benefits of debt and the deadweight costs of bankruptcy.† The trade-off theory goes back to Kraus and Litzenberger (1973), which implies that a firm evaluates the various benefits and costs of different leverage plans. Financial managers often think of the firm’s debt-equity decision as the trade-off between the tax benefits of using debt and the cost of financial distress. The company should reach a decision so that marginal costs and benefits are balanced. This threshold of debt is generally called the optimal (target) level of capital structure and is defined by the trade-off between costs of debt and its benefits. More precisely, it will be at the point where the marginal benefits of each additional unit of debt equal to its marginal costs. The trade-off theory of capital structure recognises that target debt ratios of can vary from firm to firm. Companies with safe, tangible assets and a high amount of taxable income should favour high leverage ratios. Companies that have low profits and risky, intangible assets should prefer to rely primarily on equity financing. The second part of the trade-off theory is known as the target adjustment behaviour (Frank and Goyal 2005). This focuses on the deviations in from the target level of debt and this is gradually obtained over time. Under the static trade-off theory, financial managers look to obtain optimal capital structure. Random events can occur which will move the company away from it. As long as the optimal debt-equity ratio remains stable, then the firm should move gradually back and mean reverting behaviour can be observed. According to Myers (1984), a firm will set a target debt-equity ratio balancing the debt tax advantages against the costs of potential bankruptcy. If there were no costs associated with adjusting capital structure, then companies should always be at their target debt-equity ratio. In reality there are associated costs, which results in delays in adjusting to the optimum (adjustment costs). Random events may occur that will move firms away from their target capital structure. In practice, it should be possible to observe random differences in debt-equity ratios among firms with the same target debt levels. According to Myers (1984) and Flannery and Rangan (2006), the presence of adjustment costs may restrict the firms’ ability to revert back to their target capital structure immediately, suggesting the occurrence of partial adjustment toward the target level. The partial adjustment mechanism allows for the firms’ observed leverage ratio not always being equal to their target level. This mechanism suggests that firms make leverage adjustment if the costs of being away from the target leverage ratio are higher than those of moving toward the target; otherwise it is not rational for these firms to make leverage adjustments, because the adjustment costs will be large enough to cancel out the benefits of moving toward the target level. However, it assumes that adjustment towards the target occurs at symmetrical rates. No distinction is being made between the below target leverage ratio and the above-target leverage ratio, suggesting that the adjustment costs as well as the ben efits of increasing and reducing leverage are symmetrical.

Life and Works Essay -- Essays Papers

Life and Works Who is Leonardo Da Vinci? Leonardo had a keen eye and quick mind that led him to make important scientific discoveries, yet he never published his ideas. He was a gentle vegetarian who loved animals and despised war, yet he worked as a military engineer to invent advanced and deadly weapons. He was one of the greatest painters of the Italian Renaissance, yet he left only a handful of completed paintings. It may seem unusual to include Leonardo da Vinci in a list of paleontologists and evolutionary biologists. Leonardo was and is best known as an artist, the creator of such masterpieces as the Mona Lisa, Madonna of the Rocks, and The Last Supper. Yet Leonardo was far more than a great artist: he had one of the best scientific minds of his time. He made painstaking observations and carried out research in fields ranging from architecture and civil engineering to astronomy to anatomy and zoology to geography, geology and paleontology. In the words of his biographer Giorgio Vasari: The most heavenly gifts seem to be showered on certain human beings. Sometimes supernaturally, marvelously, they all congregate in one individual. . . . This was seen and acknowledged by all men in the case of Leonardo da Vinci, who had. . . an indescribable grace in every effortless act and deed. His talent was so rare that he mastered any subject to which he turned his attention. . . . He might have been a scientist if he had not been so versatile. Leonardo's scientif... Life and Works Essay -- Essays Papers Life and Works Who is Leonardo Da Vinci? Leonardo had a keen eye and quick mind that led him to make important scientific discoveries, yet he never published his ideas. He was a gentle vegetarian who loved animals and despised war, yet he worked as a military engineer to invent advanced and deadly weapons. He was one of the greatest painters of the Italian Renaissance, yet he left only a handful of completed paintings. It may seem unusual to include Leonardo da Vinci in a list of paleontologists and evolutionary biologists. Leonardo was and is best known as an artist, the creator of such masterpieces as the Mona Lisa, Madonna of the Rocks, and The Last Supper. Yet Leonardo was far more than a great artist: he had one of the best scientific minds of his time. He made painstaking observations and carried out research in fields ranging from architecture and civil engineering to astronomy to anatomy and zoology to geography, geology and paleontology. In the words of his biographer Giorgio Vasari: The most heavenly gifts seem to be showered on certain human beings. Sometimes supernaturally, marvelously, they all congregate in one individual. . . . This was seen and acknowledged by all men in the case of Leonardo da Vinci, who had. . . an indescribable grace in every effortless act and deed. His talent was so rare that he mastered any subject to which he turned his attention. . . . He might have been a scientist if he had not been so versatile. Leonardo's scientif...

Comptia a+

CompTIA A+ Essentials (2009 Edition) Objectives Exam Number: 220-701 Introduction In order to receive CompTIA A+ certification a candidate must pass two exams. The first exam is CompTIA A+ Essentials, exam number 220-701. The CompTIA A+ Essentials examination measures necessary competencies for an entry-level IT professional with the equivalent knowledge of at least 500 hours of hands-on experience in the lab or field.Successful candidates will have the knowledge required to understand the fundamentals of computer technology, networking, and security, and will have the skills required to identify hardware, peripheral, networking, and security components. Successful candidates will understand the basic functionality of the operating system and basic troubleshooting methodology, practice proper safety procedures, and will effectively interact with customers and peers. CompTIA A+ is ISO 17024 Accredited (Personnel Certification Accreditation) and, as such, undergoes regular reviews and updates to the exam objectives.The following CompTIA A+ Essentials objectives reflect the subject areas in the 2009 Edition of the exam and result from subject matter expert workshops and industry-wide survey results regarding the skills and knowledge required of an entry-level IT professional. The percentages in this document represent the relative importance of the subject areas (domains) in the associated body of knowledge, and together establish the foundation of an entry-level IT professional. This examination blueprint includes domain weighting, test objectives, and example content.Example topics and concepts are included to clarify the test objectives and should not be construed as a comprehensive listing of all the content of this examination. Candidates are encouraged to use this document to guide their studies. The contents of the examination blueprint help prioritize topics and provide a guide of what to expect on the CompTIA A+ Essentials exam. The table below lists the domains measured by this examination and the extent to which they are represented. The CompTIA A+ Essentials (2009 Edition) exam is based on these objectives. Domain 1. 0 2. 0 3. 0 4. 0 5. 0 6. Hardware Troubleshooting, Repair & Maintenance Operating System and Software Networking Security Operational Procedure Percentage of Examination 27% 20% 20% 15% 8% 10% 100% Total **Note: The lists of examples provided in bulleted format below each objective are not exhaustive lists. Other examples of technologies, processes or tasks pertaining to each objective may also be included on the exam although not listed or covered in this objectives document. CompTIA is constantly reviewing the content of our exams and updating test questions to be sure our exams are current and the security of the questions is protected.When necessary, we will publish updated exams based on existing exam objectives. Please know that all related exam preparation materials will still be valid. CompTIA A+ 220-701 Obje ctives Version 2. 0 1 of 17 Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. 1. 0 Hardware 1. 1 Categorize storage devices and backup media ? FDD ? HDD o Solid state vs. magnetic ? Optical drives o CD / DVD / RW / Blu-Ray ? Removable storage o Tape drive o Solid state (e. g. humb drive, flash, SD cards, USB) o External CD-RW and hard drive o Hot swappable devices and non-hot swappable devices 1. 2 Explain motherboard components, types and features ? Form Factor o ATX / BTX, o micro ATX o NLX ? I/O interfaces o Sound o Video o USB 1. 1 and 2. 0 o Serial o IEEE 1394 / Firewire o Parallel o NIC o Modem o PS/2 ? Memory slots o RIMM o DIMM o SODIMM o SIMM ? Processor sockets ? Bus architecture ? Bus slots o PCI o AGP o PCIe o AMR o CNR o PCMCIA ? PATA o IDE o EIDE ? SATA, eSATA ? Contrast RAID (levels 0, 1, 5) ? Chipsets ? BIOS / CMOS / Firmware o POST o CMOS battery ?Riser c ard / daughterboard 1. 3 Classify power supplies types and characteristics CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Version 2. 0 Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. 2 of 17 ? ? ? ? ? AC adapter ATX proprietary Voltage, wattage and capacity Voltage selector switch Pins (20, 24) 1. 4 Explain the purpose and characteristics of CPUs and their features ? Identify CPU types o AMD o Intel ? Hyper threading ? Multi core o Dual core o Triple core o Quad core ? Onchip cache o L1 o L2 ?Speed (real vs. actual) ? 32bit vs. 64 bit 1. 5 Explain cooling methods and devices ? Heat sinks ? CPU and case fans ? Liquid cooling systems ? Thermal compound 1. 6 Compare and contrast memory types, characteristics and their purpose ? Types o DRAM o SRAM o SDRAM o DDR / DDR2 / DDR3 o RAMBUS ? Parity vs. Non-parity ? ECC vs. non-ECC ? Single sided vs. double sided ? Single channel vs. dual channel ? Speed o PC100 o PC133 o PC2700 o PC3200 o DDR3-1600 o DDR2-667 1. 7 Distinguish between the different display devices and their characteristics ? Projectors, CRT and LCD ? LCD technologies o Resolution (e. . XGA, SXGA+, UXGA, WUXGA) o Contrast ratio o Native resolution ? Connector types o VGA CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Version 2. 0 Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. 3 of 17 ? o o o o Settings o o o o HDMi S-Video Component / RGB DVI pin compatibility Refresh rate Resolution Multi-monitor Degauss 1. 8 Install and configure peripherals and input devices ? Mouse ? Keyboard ? Bar code reader ? Multimedia (e. g. web and digital cameras, MIDI, microphones) ?Biometric devices ? Touch screen ? KVM switch 1. 9 Summarize the function and types of adapter cards ? Video o PCI o PCIe o AGP ? Multimedia o Sound card o TV tuner cards o Capture cards ? I/O o SCSI o S erial o USB o Parallel ? Communications o NIC o Modem 1. 10 Install, configure and optimize laptop components and features ? Expansion devices o PCMCIA cards o PCI Express cards o Docking station ? Communication connections o Bluetooth o Infrared o Cellular WAN o Ethernet o Modem ? Power and electrical input devices o Auto-switching o Fixed input power supplies o Batteries ?Input devices o Stylus / digitizer CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Version 2. 0 4 of 17 Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. o o Function keys Point devices (e. g. touch pad, point stick / track point) 1. 11 Install and configure printers ? Differentiate between printer types o Laser o Inkjet o Thermal o Impact ? Local vs. network printers ? Printer drivers (compatibility) ? Consumables 2. 0 Troubleshooting, Repair and Maintenance 2. Given a scenario, explain the troubleshooting theory ? Ide ntify the problem o Question the user and identify user changes to computer and perform backups before making changes ? Establish a theory of probable cause (question the obvious) ? Test the theory to determine cause o Once theory is confirmed determine next steps to resolve problem o If theory is not confirmed re-establish new theory or escalate ? Establish a plan of action to resolve the problem and implement the solution ? Verify full system functionality and if applicable implement preventative measures ?Document findings, actions and outcomes 2. 2 Given a scenario, explain and interpret common hardware and operating system symptoms and their causes ? OS related symptoms o Bluescreen o System lock-up o Input/output device o Application install o Start or load o Windows specific printing problems ? Print spool stalled ? Incorrect / incompatible driver ? Hardware related symptoms o Excessive heat o Noise o Odors o Status light indicators o Alerts o Visible damage (e. g. cable, pla stic) ? Use documentation and resources o User / installation manuals o Internet / web based o Training materials 2. Given a scenario, determine the troubleshooting methods and tools for printers ? Manage print jobs ? Print spooler ? Printer properties and settings CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Version 2. 0 Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. 5 of 17 ? Print a test page 2. 4 Given a scenario, explain and interpret common laptop issues and determine the appropriate basic troubleshooting method ? Issues o Power conditions o Video o Keyboard o Pointer o Stylus o Wireless card issues ? Methods o Verify power (e. . LEDs, swap AC adapter) o Remove unneeded peripherals o Plug in external monitor o Toggle Fn keys or hardware switches o Check LCD cutoff switch o Verify backlight functionality and pixilation o Check switch for built-in WIFI antennas or external antenn as 2. 5 Given a scenario, integrate common preventative maintenance techniques ? Physical inspection ? Updates o Driver o Firmware o OS o Security ? Scheduling preventative maintenance o Defrag o Scandisk o Check disk o Startup programs ? Use of appropriate repair tools and cleaning materials o Compressed air o Lint free cloth o Computer vacuum and compressors ?Power devices o Appropriate source such as power strip, surge protector or UPS ? Ensuring proper environment ? Backup procedures 3. 0 Operating Systems and Software – Unless otherwise noted, operating systems referred to within include Microsoft Windows 2000, Windows XP Professional, XP Home, XP MediaCenter, Windows Vista Home, Home Premium, Business and Ultimate, Windows 7 Starter, Home Premium, Professional and Ultimate 3. 1 Compare and contrast the different Windows Operating Systems and their features ? Windows 2000, Windows XP 32bit vs. 64bit, Windows Vista 32 bit vs. 64bit, Windows 7 32-bit vs. 4-bit o Side bar, Aero, UAC, minimum system requirements, system limits o Windows 2000 and newer – upgrade paths and requirements ? Windows OS Upgrade Advisor ? Microsoft Assessment and Planning Toolkit CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Version 2. 0 6 of 17 Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. o o o Terminology (32bit vs. 64bit – x86 vs. x64) Application compatibility, installed program locations (32bit vs. 64bit), Windows compatibility mode User interface, start bar layout 3. Given a scenario, demonstrate proper use of user interfaces ? Windows Explorer o Libraries in Windows 7 ? My Computer ? Control Panel ? Command prompt utilities o telnet o ping o ipconfig ? Run line utilities o msconfig o msinfo32 o Dxdiag o Cmd o REGEDIT ? My Network Places / Home Group ? Location of basic network settings between OS versions ? Task bar / systray ? Administrative tools o Perfo rmance monitor, Event Viewer, Services, Computer Management ? MMC ? Task Manager ? Start Menu 3. 3 Explain the process and steps to install and configure the Windows OS ? File systems o FAT32 vs. NTFS ?Directory structures o Create folders o Navigate directory structures ? Files o Creation o Extensions o Attributes o Permissions ? Verification of hardware compatibility and minimum requirements ? Installation methods o Boot media such as DVD, CD, floppy or USB o Network installation o Install from image o Recover CD o Factory recovery partition ? Operating system installation options o File system type o Network configuration o Repair install ? Disk preparation order o Format drive o Partition CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Version 2. 0 7 of 17 Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association.All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. ? ? ? ? ? o Start installation Device Manager o Verify o Install and update device s drivers o Driver signing User data migration – User State Migration Tool (USMT) Virtual memory Configure power management o Suspend o Wake on LAN o Sleep timers o Hibernate o Standby Demonstrate safe removal of peripherals 3. 4 Explain the basics of boot sequences, methods and startup utilities ? Disk boot order / device priority o Types of boot devices (disk, network, USB, other) ? Boot options o Safe mode o Boot to restore point o Recovery options ?Automated System Recovery (ASR) ? Emergency Repair Disk (ERD) ? Recovery console 4. 0 Networking 4. 1 Summarize the basics of networking fundamentals, including technologies, devices and protocols ? Basics of configuring IP addressing and TCP/IP properties (DHCP, DNS) ? Bandwidth and latency ? Status indicators ? Protocols (TCP/IP, NETBIOS) ? Full-duplex, half-duplex ? Basics of workgroups and domains ? Common ports: HTTP, FTP, POP, SMTP, TELNET, HTTPS ? LAN / WAN ? Hub, switch and router ? Identify Virtual Private Networks (VP N) ? Basics class identification ? IPv6 vs. IPv4 o Address length differences oAddress conventions 4. 2 Categorize network cables and connectors and their implementations ? Cables o Plenum / PVC o UTP (e. g. CAT3, CAT5 / 5e, CAT6) o STP o Fiber o Coaxial cable CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Version 2. 0 8 of 17 Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. ? Connectors o RJ45 o RJ11 4. 3 Compare and contrast the different network types ? Broadband o DSL o Cable o Satellite o Fiber ? Dial-up ? Wireless o All 802. 11 types o WEP o WPA o SSID o MAC filtering o DHCP settings ? Bluetooth ?Cellular 5. 0 Security 5. 1 Explain the basic principles of security concepts and technologies ? Encryption technologies ? Data wiping / hard drive destruction / hard drive recycling ? Software firewall o Port security o Exceptions ? Authentication technologies o User name o Password o Bio metrics o Smart cards ? Basics of data sensitivity and data security o Compliance o Classifications o Social engineering 5. 2 Summarize the following security features ? Wireless encryption o WEPx and WPAx o Client configuration (SSID) ? Malicious software protection o Viruses o Trojans o Worms o Spam o Spyware o Adware o Grayware ?BIOS Security o Drive lock CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Version 2. 0 9 of 17 Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. ? ? ? o Passwords o Intrusion detection o TPM Password management / password complexity Locking workstation o Hardware o Operating system Biometrics o Fingerprint scanner 6. 0 Operational Procedure 6. 1 Outline the purpose of appropriate safety and environmental procedures and given a scenario apply them ? ESD ? EMI o Network interference o Magnets ? RFI o Cordless phone interference o Microwaves ?Electrical safety o C RT o Power supply o Inverter o Laser printers o Matching power requirements of equipment with power distribution and UPSs ? Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) ? Cable management o Avoiding trip hazards ? Physical safety o Heavy devices o Hot components ? Environmental – consider proper disposal procedures 6. 2 Given a scenario, demonstrate the appropriate use of communication skills and professionalism in the workplace ? Use proper language – avoid jargon, acronyms, slang ? Maintain a positive attitude ? Listen and do not interrupt a customer ? Be culturally sensitive ? Be on time o If late contact the customer ?Avoid distractions o Personal calls o Talking to co-workers while interacting with customers o Personal interruptions ? Dealing with a difficult customer or situation o Avoid arguing with customers and/or being defensive o Do not minimize customers’ problems o Avoid being judgmental o Clarify customer statements ? Ask open-ended questions to narrow the s cope of the problem ? Restate the issue or question to verify understanding CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Version 2. 0 10 of 17 Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. ? Set and meet expectations / timeline and communicate status with the customer o Offer different repair / replacement options if applicable o Provide proper documentation on the services provided o Follow up with customer / user at a later date to verify satisfaction Deal appropriately with customers confidential materials o Located on computer, desktop, printer, etc. CompTIA A+ Acronyms Introduction The following is a list of acronyms which appear on the CompTIA A+ exams. Candidates are encouraged to review the complete list and attain a working knowledge of all listed acronyms as a part of a comprehensive exam preparation program.ACRONYM AC ACL ACPI ACT ADSL AGP AMD APIPA APM ARP ASR ATA ATAPI ATM ATX BIOS BNC BTX CD CD-ROM CD-RW CDFS CFS CMOS COMx CPU CRT DAC DB-25 SPELLED OUT alternating current access control list advanced configuration and power interface activity asymmetrical digital subscriber line accelerated graphics port advanced micro devices automatic private internet protocol addressing advanced power management address resolution protocol automated system recovery advanced technology attachment advanced technology attachment packet interface asynchronous transfer mode advanced technology extended basic input/output system Bayonet-Neill-Concelman or British Naval Connector balanced technology extended compact disc compact disc-read-only memory compact disc-rewritable compact disc file system Central File System, Common File System, Command File System complementary metal-oxide semiconductor communication port (x=port number) central processing unit cathode-ray tube discretionary access control serial communications D-shell connector, 25 pins Version 2. 0 11 of 17 CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. DB-9 DC DDOS DDR DDR RAM DDR SDRAM DFS DHCP DIMM DIN DIP DLT DLP DMA DMZ DNS DOS DRAM DSL DVD DVD-RAM DVD-ROM DVD-R DVD-RW DVI ECC ECP EEPROM EFS EIDE EMI EMP EPROM EPP ERD ESD EVGA EVDO FAT FAT12 FAT16 FAT32 FDD Fn 9 pin D shell connector direct current distributed denial of service double data-rate double data-rate random access memory double data-rate synchronous ynamic random access memory distributed file system dynamic host configuration protocol dual inline memory module Deutsche Industrie Norm dual inline package digital linear tape digital light processing direct memory access demilitarized zone domain name service or domain name server denial of service dynamic random access memory digital subscriber line digital video disc or digital versatile disc digital video disc-random acce ss memory digital video disc-read only memory digital video disc-recordable digital video disc-rewritable digital visual interface error correction code extended capabilities port electrically erasable programmable read-only memory encrypting file system enhanced integrated drive electronics electromagnetic interference electromagnetic pulse erasable programmable read-only memory enhanced parallel port emergency repair disk electrostatic discharge extended video graphics adapter/array evolution data optimized or evolution data only file allocation table 12-bit file allocation table 16-bit file allocation table 32-bit file allocation table floppy disk drive Function (referring to the function key on a laptop) Version 2. 0 12 of 17 CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice.FPM FRU FSB FTP FQDN Gb GB GDI GHz GUI GPS GSM HAL HCL HDD HDMi H PFS HTML HTTP HTTPS I/O ICMP ICR IDE IDS IEEE IIS IMAP IP IPCONFIG IPP IPSEC IPX IPX/SPX IR IrDA IRQ ISA ISDN ISO ISP JBOD Kb KB fast page-mode field replaceable unit Front Side Bus file transfer protocol fully qualified domain name gigabit gigabyte graphics device interface gigahertz graphical user interface global positioning system global system for mobile communications hardware abstraction layer hardware compatibility list hard disk drive high definition media interface high performance file system hypertext markup language hypertext transfer protocol hypertext transfer protocol over secure sockets layer input/output internet control essage protocol intelligent character recognition integrated drive electronics Intrusion Detection System Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Internet Information Services internet mail access protocol internet protocol internet protocol configuration internet printing protocol internet protocol security internetwork packet exchange i nternetwork packet exchange/sequenced packet exchange infrared Infrared Data Association interrupt request industry standard architecture integrated services digital network Industry Standards Organization internet service provider just a bunch of disks kilobit Kilobyte or knowledge base Version 2. 0 13 of 17 CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. LAN LBA LC LCD LDAP LED Li-on LPD/LPR LPT LVD MAC MAPI MAU Mb MB MBR MBSA MFD MFP MHz MicroDIMM MIDI MIME MMC MMX MP3 MP4 MPEG MSCONFIG MSDS MUI NAC NAS NAT NetBIOS NetBEUI NFS NIC NiCd NiMH NLX NNTP NTFS NTLDR ocal area network logical block addressing Lucent connector liquid crystal display lightweight directory access protocol light emitting diode lithium-ion line printer daemon / line printer remote line printer terminal low voltage differential media access control / mandatory access control messaging application programming interface media access unit, media attachment unit megabit megabyte master boot record Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer multi-function device multi-function product megahertz micro dual inline memory module musical instrument digital interface multipurpose internet mail extension Microsoft management console multimedia extensions Moving Picture Experts Group Layer 3 Audio Moving Picture Experts Group Layer 4 Moving Picture Experts Group Microsoft configuration material safety data sheet multilingual user interface network access control network-attached storage network address translation networked basic input/output system networked basic input/output system extended user interface network file system network interface card nickel cadmium nickel metal hydride new low-profile extended network news transfer protocol new technology file system new technology loader Version 2. 0 14 of 17 CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. NTP OCR OEM OS PAN PATA PC PCI PCIe PCIX PCL PCMCIA PDA PGA PGA2 PIN PKI PnP POP3 POST POTS PPP PPTP PRI PROM PS/2 PSTN PSU PVC PXE QoS RAID RAM RAS RDRAM RDP RF RFI RGB RIMM RIP RIS RISC RJNetwork Time Protocol optical character recognition original equipment manufacturer operating system personal area network parallel advanced technology attachment personal computer peripheral component interconnect peripheral component interconnect express peripheral component interconnect extended printer control language Personal Computer Memory Card International Association personal digital assistant pin grid array pin grid array 2 personal identification number public key infrastructure plug and play post office protocol 3 power-on self test plain old telephone service point-to-point protocol point-to-point tunneling protocol primary rate interface prog rammable read-only memory personal system/2 connector public switched telephone network power supply unit permanent virtual circuit preboot execution environment quality of service redundant array of independent (or inexpensive) discs random access memory remote access service RAMBUS ® dynamic random access memory Remote Desktop Protocol radio frequency radio frequency interference red green blue RAMBUS ® inline memory module routing information protocol remote installation service reduced instruction set computer registered jack Version 2. 0 15 of 17 CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. RJ-11 RJ-45 RMA ROM RS-232 or RS-232C RTC SAN SATA SC SCP SCSI SCSI ID SD card SDRAM SEC SFC SGRAM SIMM SLI S. M. A. R. T. SMB SMTP SNMP SoDIMM SOHO SP SP1 SP2 SP3 SP4 SPDIF SPGA SPX SRAM SSH SSID SSL ST STP SVGA SXGA TB TCP TCP/IP egistered jack function 11 registered jack function 45 returned materials authorization read only memory recommended standard 232 real-time clock storage area network serial advanced technology attachment subscription channel secure copy protection small computer system interface small computer system interface identifier secure digital card synchronous dynamic random access memory single edge connector system file checker synchronous graphics random access memory single inline memory module scalable link interface or system level integration or scanline interleave mode self-monitoring, analysis, and reporting technology server message block or small to midsize business simple mail transport protocol simple network management protocol small outline dual inline memory module small office/home office service pack service pack 1 service pack 2 service pack 3 service pack 4 Sony-Philips digital interface format staggered pin grid array sequenced package exchange static random access memory secure shell service set identifier secure sockets layer straight tip shielded twisted pair super video graphics array super extended graphics array terabyte transmission control protocol transmission control protocol/internet protocol Version 2. 0 16 of 17 CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice. TDR TFTP TPM UAC UART UDF UDMA UDP UNC UPS URL USB USMT UTP UXGA VESA VFAT VGA VoIP VPN VRAM WAN WAP WEP WIFI WINS WLAN WPA WUXGA XGA ZIF ZIP ime domain reflectometer trivial file transfer protocol trusted platform module user account control universal asynchronous receiver transmitter user defined functions or universal disk format or universal data format ultra direct memory access user datagram protocol universal naming convention uninterruptible power supply uniform resource locator universal serial bus user state migration tool unshielded tw isted pair ultra extended graphics array Video Electronics Standards Association virtual file allocation table video graphics array voice over internet protocol virtual private network video random access memory wide area network wireless application protocol wired equivalent privacy wireless fidelity windows internet name service wireless local area network wireless protected access wide ultra extended graphics array extended graphics array zero-insertion-force zigzag inline package CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives Version 2. 0 17 of 17 Copyright  © 2008 by the Computing Technology Industry Association. All rights reserved. The CompTIA A+ 220-701 Objectives are subject to change without notice.

Performance Enhancing Drugs is a Global Issue - 972 Words

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